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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pirogovestnik</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Национального медико-хирургического центра им. Н.И. Пирогова</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Pirogov National Medical &amp; Surgical Center</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-8255</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3628</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Национальный медико-хирургический Центр им. Н.И. Пирогова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25881/20728255_2026_21_2_104</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pirogovestnik-606</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ РАННЕЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ В ХИРУРГИИ: ОТ ЛЕЙКОЦИТАРНОГО ИНДЕКСА ИНТОКСИКАЦИИ К ИСКУССТВЕННОМУ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION OF INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN SURGERY: FROM THE LEUKOCYTE INDEX OF INTOXICATION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федык</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedyk</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fedykov@pirogov-center.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щепарёв</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcheparev</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медико-хирургический Центр им. Н.И. Пирогова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шевченко Ю.Л., Федык О.В., Щепарёв И.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шевченко Ю.Л., Федык О.В., Щепарёв И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shevchenko Y.L., Fedyk O.V., Shcheparev I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://submit.pirogov-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/606">https://submit.pirogov-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/606</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Обобщить эволюцию лабораторных и цифровых подходов к ранней диагностике и прогнозированию инфекционных осложнений в хирургии – от классических лейкоцитарных индексов до систем искусственного интеллекта. Материалы и методы. Проведён целенаправленный анализ публикаций по лейкоцитарным индексам интоксикации, интегральным гематологическим индексам (NLR, PLR, SII, DNI), биохимическим маркёрам (С реактивный белок, прокальцитонин, пресепсин), новым параметрам гематологических анализаторов (MDW), иммунофенотипическим маркёрам (моноцитарный HLA DR, субпопуляции моноцитов CD14/CD16), метагеномному секвенированию (mNGS) и моделям машинного обучения для раннего выявления сепсиса. Результаты. Классические лейкоцитарные индексы сохраняют ценность как дешёвый инструмент стратификации риска, но ограничены субъективностью и низкой специфичностью к бактериальной инфекции. Интегральные гематологические индексы и MDW улучшают раннее выявление сепсиса за счёт использования данных стандартного общего анализа крови. Биохимические маркёры, особенно прокальцитонин и пресепсин, демонстрируют более высокую диагностическую и прогностическую точность, однако подвержены влиянию хирургической травмы и требуют учёта кинетики. Иммунофенотипические показатели моноцитов отражают функциональное репрограммирование врождённого иммунитета и позволяют оценивать иммунный дисбаланс. Методы mNGS повышают частоту выявления возбудителей и сокращают время до этиологической диагностики, но ограничены высокой стоимостью и сложностью внедрения. Алгоритмы машинного обучения на основе данных электронных медицинских карт превышают традиционные шкалы (SIRS, qSOFA) по точности раннего прогнозирования сепсиса, но сталкиваются с проблемами переобучения, «усталости от тревог» и недостаточной внешней валидации. Заключение. Современная стратегия раннего выявления инфекционных осложнений в хирургии должна опираться на комбинированное использование доступных гематологических и биохимических маркёров, иммунофенотипирования и AI систем, интегрированных в электронные медицинские карты. Особое значение имеют стандартизация методик, экономическая оценка и мультицентровая валидация перед широким внедрением в практику.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. To summarize the evolution of laboratory and digital approaches to early diagnosis and prediction of infectious complications in surgery, from classical leukocyte intoxication indices to artificial intelligence–based systems. Materials and methods. A targeted literature analysis was performed on leukocyte intoxication indices, composite hematologic indices (NLR, PLR, SII, DNI), biochemical markers (C reactive protein, procalcitonin, presepsin), novel hematology analyzer parameters (MDW), immunophenotypic markers (monocytic HLA DR, CD14/CD16 subsets), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and machine learning models for early sepsis detection. Results. Classical leukocyte indices remain useful as inexpensive tools for risk stratification but are limited by subjectivity and low specificity for bacterial infection. Composite hematologic indices and MDW improve early sepsis detection by leveraging routinely available complete blood count data. Biochemical markers, particularly procalcitonin and presepsin, provide higher diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, yet are influenced by surgical trauma and require careful interpretation of their kinetics. Immunophenotypic markers of monocytes reflect functional reprogramming of innate immunity and allow assessment of immune dysregulation. mNGS markedly increases pathogen detection rates and shortens time to etiologic diagnosis, but its use is constrained by high cost and technical complexity. Machine learning models based on electronic health record data outperform traditional scores (SIRS, qSOFA) for early sepsis prediction, while facing challenges of overfitting, alarm fatigue and limited external validation. Conclusions. Modern strategies for early detection of infectious complications in surgical patients should rely on integrated use of readily available hematologic and biochemical markers, immunophenotyping, and AI driven tools embedded in electronic health records. Standardization of assays, economic evaluation and multicenter validation are crucial prerequisites for widespread clinical implementation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>послеоперационные инфекционные осложнения</kwd><kwd>лейкоцитарный индекс интоксикации</kwd><kwd>нейтрофильно лимфоцитарное отношение</kwd><kwd>прокальцитонин</kwd><kwd>пресепсин</kwd><kwd>HLA DR</kwd><kwd>CD14/ CD16</kwd><kwd>метагеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>postoperative infectious complications</kwd><kwd>leukocyte intoxication index</kwd><kwd>neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio</kwd><kwd>procalcitonin</kwd><kwd>presepsin</kwd><kwd>monocyte distribution width</kwd><kwd>HLA DR</kwd><kwd>CD14/CD16</kwd><kwd>metagenomic next generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заболотских И.Б., Мусаева Т.С., Трембач Н.В. и др. 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